All the items on this list are under the direct control of the design
engineer in terms of setting limitations on them and should be dealt
with as part of the design process. Limitations on frequency and size
of production pile driving equipment, dewatering levels, surface
stockpile loading levels, and admissibility of driving shoring piles
should be defined in the contract. Settlements from vibrations, even
with shoring piles, usually occur prior to excavation and have a different
ground loss dynamic than shoring movements. The cost increase
associated with restricting types of shoring and installation methods
should be fully evaluated in the design process. The predicted movements
from non-shoring-related operations should be evaluated so
that they can later be separated from shoring-related movements. The
last two items on this list, after design criteria and limitations on
means and methods are set by the design engineer, are decided and
controlled by the contractor; consequently the contractor has to have a
method of predicting movements and surface settlement.
This section will look at different types of excavations and shoring
systems and the factors that contribute to ground loss at the surface.
Ground loss in open cut systems will be discussed in the section
on open cut worker protection systems.
From the excavations handbook in engineering
